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The Book of Malachi (Hebrew: מַלְאָכִ֔י, Malʾāḵī) is the last book of the Neviim contained in the Tanakh, canonically the last of the Twelve Minor Prophets. In most Christian orderings, the grouping of the prophetic books is the last section of the Old Testament, making Malachi the last book before the New Testament.
Most scholars consider the Book of Malachi to be the work of a single author who may or may not have been identified by the title Malachi. Its title has frequently been understood as a proper name, although its Hebrew meaning is simply "My Messenger" (the Septuagint reads "his messenger") and would not have been a proper name at the time of its writing. "Malachi" is often assumed to be a pseudonym used by the real writer so he would not face retribution for his prophecies. Jewish tradition states that the book was written by Ezra the scribe.[1]
Most scholars regard The Book of Malachi as the result of multiple stages of redaction;[2] most of its text originated in the Persian period, with the oldest stratum from around 500 BCE and redactions into the Hellenistic period.[3]
- ^ Adelman, Mendel. "Ezra the Scribe". Chabad.org.
- ^ Kessler, Rainer. 2011. Maleachi. p. 59-61. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament. Freiburg, Germany: Herder.
- ^ Schart, Aaron (2021). Julia M. O'Brien (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press. p. 540-542. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.32. ISBN 978-0-19-067320-8.
Most commentators consider the book of Malachi to be the product of multiple redactional activities (see O'Brien 1990, 51–57; Kessler 2011, 59–61)…In sum, the oldest stratum of the book is likely to date to around 500. Most of the text originates from the Achaemenid period. In general, the Persians pursued a policy of peaceful and harmonious unification of nations under Persian domination. The writing of Malachi seems to accept the Persian rule. Kessler (2011) dates the final form of the writing of Malachi later, in the fourth century. Reflections of Hellenization in the wake of Alexander the Great are rare, however. Noetzel considers Ptolemaic influence for the idea that the "sun of righteousness" brings healing (2015). The appendix in 4:5–6 [Heb. 3:23–24], which refers to a profound generation conflict, resonates with the tensions between those who opened themselves to Hellenization and those who strictly rejected it. Ecclesiasticus 49:10 mentions the "twelve prophets" around 180 BCE, probably presupposing the Book of the Twelve Prophets as a scroll. At this time, the book of Malachi must have been almost finished.