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Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines are illegal executions – unlawful or felonious killings – and forced disappearances in the Philippines.[1] These are forms of extrajudicial punishment, and include extrajudicial executions, summary executions, arbitrary arrest and detentions, and failed prosecutions due to political activities of leading political, trade union members, dissident or social figures, left-wing political parties, non-governmental organizations, political journalists, outspoken clergy, anti-mining activists, agricultural reform activists, members of organizations that are alleged as allied or legal fronts of the communist movement (such as the "Bayan group") or claimed supporters of the NPA and its political wing, the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).[2][3] Other frequent targets are ancestral land rights defenders, Indigenous rights activists, environmentalists,[4] and human rights workers.[5]
Extrajudicial killings are most commonly referred to as "salvaging" in Philippine English.[6][7][8] The word is believed to be a direct Anglicization of Tagalog salbahe ("cruel", "barbaric"), from Spanish salvaje ("wild", "savage").[9]
EJKs that occurred during the administration of Rodrigo Duterte, at the sub-national level, are more likely to occur in provinces that have high population densities, stronger state capacities, and those that are more affluent in terms of economic development. It is also found that higher rates of EJKs are correlated with provinces that have severe drug affectation rates, and those areas where Duterte's vote share in the 2016 elections are highest, indicating the presence of vertical accountability.[10]
- ^ radiopinoyusa.com, U.N. RAPPORTEUR: PHILIPPINE MILITARY IMPLICATED IN EXTRA-JUDICIAL MURDERS AND POLITICAL KILLINGS (archived from the original on November 11, 2007)
- ^ "Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: I. Summary". Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ "Scared Silent". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ^ Watts, Jonathan (February 2, 2018). "Almost four environmental defenders a week killed in 2017". The Guardian. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ Pierson, David (August 27, 2020). "Philippine human rights workers are being systematically killed in a growing war on dissent". LA Times. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ "Salvage". A Way with Words. July 14, 2004. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ G. Eugene Martin. "Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: Strategies to End the Violence". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ Teddy Casiño. "Ozamiz gang incident shows "salvaging" still a practice among cops, soldiers". International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ Nathan Ela. "On Salvaging". Task Force Detainees of the Philippines. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
- ^ Tusalem, Rollin F. (2019). "Examining the Determinants of Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines at the Subnational Level: The Role of Penal Populism and Vertical Accountability". Human Rights Review. 20: 67–101. doi:10.1007/s12142-018-0535-1.