| Campaigned for | 1969 Philippine presidential election |
|---|---|
| Candidate | Ferdinand Marcos |
| Affiliation | Nacionalista Party |
| Status | Won election: November 11, 1969 |
| Slogan | Forward with Marcos |
The 1969 reelection campaign of Ferdinand Marcos started in July 1969 when incumbent President Ferdinand Marcos was unanimously nominated as the presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party, and concluded when Marcos won an unprecedented second term.[1] With Fernando Lopez as his running mate, he defeated the Liberal Party slate of Sergio Osmeña Jr. (son of former President Sergio Osmeña), and Genaro Magsaysay (younger brother of late President Ramon Magsaysay).[2]
During the campaign, Marcos launched US$50 million worth in infrastructure projects.[3] Marcos was reported to have spent PHP100 for every PHP1 that his opponent Osmeña spent, including PHP24 million in Cebu alone.[4]
Time and Newsweek called the 1969 election the "dirtiest, most violent and most corrupt" in modern Philippine history. The term "Three Gs", meaning "guns, goons, and gold" was used to describe the administration's election tactics of vote-buying, terrorism and ballot snatching.[4][5][6][7]
Marcos' spending during the campaign triggered a balance of payments crisis.[8] Marcos asked the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for help, and the IMF offered a debt restructuring deal. Compliant policies were enacted, including a greater emphasis on exports and the relaxation of peso controls. The peso was allowed to decline, resulting in inflation and social unrest.[9]
- ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
- ^ Nick, Joaquin (2013). Reportage on the Marcoses, 1964-1970. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Anvil Publishing. ISBN 9789712728174. OCLC 853430289.
- ^ Burton, Sandra (1989). Impossible Dream: The Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution. Warner Books. ISBN 978-0446513982.
- ^ a b De Quiros, Conrado (1997). Dead Aim: How Marcos Ambushed Philippine Democracy. Foundation for Worldwide People Power (Manila, Philippines). Pasig: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power. ISBN 978-9719167037. OCLC 39051509.
- ^ Parsa, Misagh (August 17, 2000). States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521774307. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Election Violence in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
- ^ "Editorial: Protecting the vote". SunStar. February 29, 2016. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^ Diola, Camille. "Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship: 31 years of amnesia". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
- ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Quezon City: Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. ISBN 978-621-95443-1-3. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2017.