Back قائمة سلاطين مغول الهند Arabic سلاطين مغول الهند ARZ Böyük Moğol imperiyası hökmdarlarının siyahısı Azerbaijani মুঘল সম্রাট Bengali/Bangla Impalaerien Vogol Breton Llista d'emperadors mogols Catalan Seznam mughalských císařů Czech Liste der Großmoguln German Mogoloj Esperanto Emperador mogol Spanish
| Emperor of Hindustan Badshah of Hindustan | |
|---|---|
Imperial | |
 | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Imperial Majesty Jahah Panah Alam Panah |
| First monarch | Babur (as the successor to Sultan of Delhi) |
| Last monarch | Bahadur Shah II |
| Formation | 21 April 1526; 498 years ago |
| Abolition | 21 September 1857; 167 years ago |
| Residence | |
| Appointer | Hereditary |
The emperors of the Mughal Empire, who were all members of the Timurid dynasty (House of Babur), ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution in 1857.[1] They were the supreme monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where they gave their last stand against the British forces in India.
The Mughal dynasty was founded by Babur (r. 1526–1530), a Timurid prince from the Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan). He was a direct descendant of both Timur and Genghis Khan.[2]
The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Persian and Rajput princesses.[3][4][5]
During the reign of Aurangzeb, the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,[6] controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from Dhaka in the east to Kabul in the west and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River in the south.[7]
Its population at the time is estimated to be 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).[8][9] Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj.[10]
- ^ Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.
- ^ "Babur and His World: A Culture of Books". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
- ^ Jeroen Duindam (2015), Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800, page 105 Archived 6 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Mohammada, Malika (1 January 2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Akkar Books. p. 300. ISBN 978-8-189-83318-3.
- ^ Dirk Collier (2016). The Great Mughals and their India. Hay House. p. 15. ISBN 9789384544980.
- ^ "The World Economy (GDP) : Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison" Archived 5 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ^ Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
- ^ Richards, John F. (1 January 2016). Johnson, Gordon; Bayly, C. A. (eds.). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5. Vol. I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 190. ISBN 978-0521251198.
- ^ Böröcz, József (10 September 2009). The European Union and Global Social Change. Routledge. ISBN 9781135255800. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ Spear 1990, pp. 147–148