Back ذخيرة موجهة بدقة Arabic Dəqiq idarə olunan sursat Azerbaijani নির্ভুল দূরচালিত বোমা Bengali/Bangla Präzisionsgelenkte Munition German Munición guiada de precisión Spanish Täppisjuhitav laskemoon Estonian بمب هدایتشونده Persian Täsmäase Finnish Munition à guidage de précision French נשק מונחה HE
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A precision-guided munition (PGM), also called a smart weapon, smart munition, or smart bomb, is a type of weapon system that integrates advanced guidance and control systems, such as GPS, laser guidance, or infrared sensors, with various types of munitions, typically missiles or artillery shells, to allow for high-accuracy strikes against designated targets.[1][2] PGMs are designed to precisely hit a predetermined target, typically with a margin of error (or circular error probable, CEP) that is far smaller than conventional unguided munitions.[3][4] Unlike unguided munitions, PGMs use active or passive control mechanisms capable of steering the weapon towards its intended target.[5][6] PGMs are capable of mid-flight course corrections, allowing them to adjust and hit the intended target even if conditions change.[1][7] PGMs can be deployed from various platforms, including aircraft, naval ships, ground vehicles, ground-based launchers, and UAVs.[2][3] PGMs are primarily used in military operations to achieve greater accuracy, particularly in complex or sensitive environments, to reduce the risk to operators, lessen civilian harm, and minimize collateral damage.[8][1] PGMs are considered an element of modern warfare to reduce unintended damage and civilian casualties.[9][5] It is widely accepted that PGMs significantly outperform unguided weapons, particularly against fortified or mobile targets.[3][7]
During the Persian Gulf War guided munitions accounted for only 9% of weapons fired but accounted for 75% of all successful hits. Despite guided weapons generally being used on more difficult targets, they were still 35 times more likely to destroy their targets per weapon dropped.[10]
Because the damage effects of explosive weapons decrease with distance due to an inverse cube law, even modest improvements in accuracy (hence reduction in miss distance) enable a target to be attacked with fewer or smaller bombs. Thus, even if some guided bombs miss, fewer air crews are put at risk and the harm to civilians and the amount of collateral damage may be reduced.[a][b]
The advent of precision-guided munitions resulted in the renaming of older, low-technology bombs as "unguided bombs", "dumb bombs", or "iron bombs".
Some challenges of precision-guided munitions include high development and production costs and the reliance of PGMs on advanced technologies like GPS make them vulnerable to electronic warfare and cyberattacks.[17]
- ^ a b c Congressional Research Service (2021). Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress. CRS Report. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45996
- ^ a b Hallion, R. (2024). History and Evolution of Guided Weapons. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASPJ/journals/Volume-38_Issue-1/F-Hallion.pdf
- ^ a b c Total Military Insight. (2024). Understanding Precision-Guided Munitions: Advancements and Impact. https://www.totalmilitaryinsight.com/understanding-precision-guided-munitions-advancements-and-impact/
- ^ Voskuijl, M. (2022). Development trends in UAV-enabled precision strike technologies. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00423114.2022.2041234
- ^ a b Jenzen-Jones, N R; Shanley, Jack (29 July 2021). "Precision Strike". The RUSI Journal. 166 (5): 76–92. doi:10.1080/03071847.2021.2016208. ISSN 0307-1847.
- ^ NISTORESCU, Claudiu Valer (15 October 2024). "The Asymmetries Generated by New Weapon Systems and Their Role in Achieving Success on the Battlefield. The Impact of HIMARS on the Conflict in Ukraine". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University. 13 (3): 117–128. doi:10.53477/2284-9378-24-34. ISSN 2284-9378.
- ^ a b Defense One. (2023). Russia is jamming US precision weapons in Ukraine, US general says. EBSCOhost. https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2023/12/russia-jamming-us-precision-weapons-ukraine-us-general-says/392707/
- ^ Economist. (2024). Low-cost precision-guided munitions and their battlefield impact.https://www.economist.com/international/2024/04/20/low-cost-precision-guided-munitions-and-their-battlefield-impact
- ^ Esposito, F. (2019). Precision-Guided Munitions of the Future. Joint Air Power Competence Centre. https://www.japcc.org/precision-guided-munitions-of-the-future/
- ^ "Bursts of Brilliance - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
- ^ David Roza (3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding "It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI
- ^ a b Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) (7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call FSB (Federal Security Service, successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call.
- ^ Rob Waugh (8 March 2022) 'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era)
- ^ MEHUL SRIVASTAVA, MADHUMITA MURGIA, AND HANNAH MURPHY, FT (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. 'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling."
- ^ Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN (8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv
- ^ Doug Cunningham (3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv
- ^ Wenyuan, Zhang; Sheng, Luo; Jun, Wang; Jian, Zhou; Yanfang, Cai (1 April 2023). "Development and Prospect of Intelligent Air-to-Ground Precision Strike Munition". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2460 (1): 012169. Bibcode:2023JPhCS2460a2169W. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2460/1/012169. ISSN 1742-6588.
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