Back Proto-Mongolen German مغولهای اولیه Persian Proto-Mongols French מונגוליה הפרה-אימפריאלית HE Монголците пред Џингис-хан Macedonian ஆதி மங்கோலியர்கள் Tamil Proto-Moğol Turkish Mông Cổ thời tiền sử Vietnamese 原始蒙古族 Chinese
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| History of the Mongols |
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The proto-Mongols emerged from an area that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic.[1] The people there went through the Bronze and Iron Ages, forming tribal alliances, peopling, and coming into conflict with early polities in the Central Plain.[citation needed]
The proto-Mongols formed various tribal kingdoms who fought against one other for supremacy, such as the Rouran Khaganate (330–555) until it was defeated by the Göktürks, who founded the First Turkic Khaganate (552–744), which in turn was subdued by the growing strength of the Tang dynasty. The destruction of the Uyghur Khaganate (744–848) by the Yenisei Kyrgyz resulted in the end of Turkic dominance on the Mongolian Plateau.
The para-Mongol Khitan people[2] founded also referred to by Chineses sources as Liao dynasty (916–1125) and ruled Mongolia and portions of the eastern coast of Siberia now known as the Russian Far East, northern Korea, and North China. Over the next few hundred years, the Jurchens in China subtly encouraged warfare among the Mongols as a way of keeping them distracted from invading China proper.[citation needed]
In the 12th century, Genghis Khan was able to unite or conquer the warring tribes, forging them into a unified fighting force that went on to create the largest contiguous empire in world history, the Mongol Empire, which was finally able to conquer the whole of China proper—beginning with his invasion of the Khitan-led Western Liao dynasty and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty, and ending with his grandson Kublai Khan's conquest of the Southern Song dynasty. Kublai then founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271.[3]
- ^ Zwyns, Nicolas; et al. (August 2019). "The Northern Route for Human dispersal in Central and Northeast Asia: New evidence from the site of Tolbor-16, Mongolia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 11759. Bibcode:2019NatSR...911759Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47972-1. PMC 6692324. PMID 31409814.
- ^ Janhunen, Juha (2014). Mongolian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. ISBN 9789027238252.
- ^ "Kublai Khan". 10 June 2019.