Second Sino-Japanese War

Second Sino-Japanese War
Part of the interwar period and the Pacific War
Clockwise: Japanese landing forces in gas masks during the Battle of Shanghai NRA forces on the Great Wall Nanjing Massacre victims on the Qinhuai River shore Chinese machine gun nest at the Battle of Wuhan Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 in the bombing of Chongqing Chinese Expeditionary Force marching in India
Date 7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 Location Mainland China Indochina Burma Result Chinese victory Territorial changes China recovers territories lost to Japan since the Treaty of Shimonoseki
Belligerents
China Kuomintang Chinese Communist Party	Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang  Wang Jingwei regime
Commanders and leaders
Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong He Yingqin Chen Cheng Cheng Qian Bai Chongxi Xu Yongchang Li Zongren	Hirohito Hideki Tojo Shunroku Hata Yasuji Okamura Prince Kotohito # Otozō Yamada Hajime Sugiyama
Strength
14 million total Nationalists 1.7 million (1937) 2.6 million (1939)[1] 5.7 million (1945)[2] Communists 640,000 (1937)[3] 166,700 (1938)[4] 488,744 (1940)[5] 1.2 million (1945)[6]	4.1 million total[7] Japan 600,000 (1937)[8] 1,015,000 (1939)[9] 1,124,900[a][10] Puppet states 900,000–1,006,086 (1945)[11][12]
Casualties and losses
Official Nationalist data 1,319,958 killed 1,761,335 wounded 130,116 missing 3,211,409 total[13][14] Year-by-year loss statistic[15] Combat losses : 1,319,358 killed 1,759,715 wounded 116,593 missing 3,195,666 total Other losses[b] : 10,322,934 Postwar investigations[16][17] National Revolutionary Army: Army : 1,357,222 killed 1,735,969 wounded 298,233 missing 3,391,424 total[c] Air Force : 721 officers and 11,028 NCOs and privates killed 842 officers and 1,446 NCOs and privates wounded 14,037 total Navy : 403 officers and 2,000 NCOs and privates killed 67 officers wounded 2,470 total Whole armed forces : 1,371,374 killed 1,738,324 wounded 298,233 missing 3,407,931 total Air Defense Service : 1,042 killed 1,271 wounded 2,313 total Other losses[18] Losses of wounded and sick in hospitals directly administered by the Nationalist Government : Wounded soldiers : 45,710 dead 123,017 crippled 274,671 deserted 443,398 total Sick soldiers : 422,479 dead 191,644 crippled 323,436 deserted 937,559 total Total : 468,189 dead 314,661 crippled 598,107 deserted 1,380,957 total Estimated number of deserters in the war : 5.894-5.971 million Other Nationalist estimates 3–4 million+ dead and missing 500,000 captured[19] 3.2–10 million+ total[20] Official Communist data 160,603 dead 290,467 wounded 87,208 missing 45,989 POWs 584,267 total[21] Other Communist estimates 446,740 total[20] Total 3.8–10.6 million+ casualties[a] 1 million+ captured[19] 266,800–1,000,000 POWs dead[19]	Japanese medical data 455,700[22]–700,000 military dead[23][d] According to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in 1977[24][25][e] In China (excluding Northeast China) : 465,700 deaths (including 23,500 at sea) In Northeast China : 245,400 deaths Number of POWs according to Yasuji Okamura's diary in May 1946[26][f] Repatriated by the Nationalists  : 1,212 army personnel 40 navy personnel 106 merchants and civilians Repatriated by the Communists : about 300 POWs Deaths in Kuomintang POW camps : more than 200 POWs Total : at least 1,858 captured According to He Yingqin[27] 1,934,820 wounded and missing 22,293+ captured[f] 2.5 million+ total casualties[a] Puppet state forces 288,140–574,560 dead 742,000 wounded Middle estimate: 960,000 dead and wounded[20] Total 3.0–3.6 million casualties[a][g]
15[28]–22[14] million total casualties
^ a b c d After July 1937; excluding Manchuria and Burma ^ Deaths from illness, dismissals, and desertions ^ Including losses : In guerilla fighting In the Mukden Incident, January 28 Incident, and Defense of the Great Wall ^ This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria. ^ Including deaths after the war ^ a b Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan ^ Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1 million collaborators.

The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to Manchuria that started in 1931.^[29][30] It is considered part of World War II, and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century^[31] and has been described as "the Asian Holocaust", in reference to the scale of Japanese war crimes against Chinese civilians.^[32][33][34] It is known in China as the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (simplified Chinese: 抗日战争; traditional Chinese: 抗日戰爭).

On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the Mukden incident, a false flag event fabricated to justify their invasion of Manchuria and establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo. This is sometimes marked as the beginning of the war.^[35][36] From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan engaged in skirmishes, including in Shanghai and in Northern China. Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, respectively led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, had fought each other in the Chinese Civil War since 1927. In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek encircled the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the Long March, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men. As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang still refused to form a united front before he was placed under house arrest by his subordinates who forced him to form the Second United Front in late 1936 in order to resist the Japanese invasion together.

The full-scale war began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge incident near Beijing, which prompted a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. The Japanese captured the capital of Nanjing in 1937 and perpetrated the Nanjing Massacre. After failing to stop the Japanese capture of Wuhan in 1938, then China's de facto capital at the time, the Nationalist government relocated to Chongqing in the Chinese interior. After the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Soviet aid bolstered the National Revolutionary Army and Air Force. By 1939, after Chinese victories at Changsha and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were unable to defeat Chinese Communist Party forces in Shaanxi, who waged a campaign of sabotage and guerrilla warfare. In November 1939, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large scale winter offensive, and in August 1940, communist forces launched the Hundred Regiments Offensive in central China.

In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China under the Lend-Lease Act, becoming its main financial and military supporter. With Burma cut off, the United States Army Air Forces airlifted material over the Himalayas. In 1944, Japan launched Operation Ichi-Go, the invasion of Henan and Changsha. In 1945, the Chinese Expeditionary Force resumed its advance in Burma and completed the Ledo Road linking India to China. China launched large counteroffensives in South China and repulsed a failed Japanese invasion of West Hunan and recaptured Japanese occupied regions of Guangxi.

Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945, following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet declaration of war and subsequent invasions of Manchukuo and Korea. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly Chinese civilians. China was recognized as one of the Four Policemen, regained all territories lost, and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.^[37][38] The Chinese Civil War resumed in 1946, ending with a communist victory and the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.