Back نظام الرصيد الاجتماعي Arabic Социална кредитна система Bulgarian Sistema de crèdit social Catalan Systém sociálního kreditu Czech Kinas sociale pointsystem Danish Sozialkredit-System German Σύστημα κοινωνικής πίστωσης Greek Sistema de crédito social chino Spanish Sosiaalinen luottoluokitusjärjestelmä Finnish Système de crédit social French
| Social Credit System | |||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 社会信用体系 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 社會信用體系 | ||||||
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| Nudge theory |
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The Social Credit System (Chinese: 社会信用体系; pinyin: shèhuì xìnyòng tǐxì) is a national credit rating and blacklist implemented by the government of the People's Republic of China.[1][2] The social credit system is a record system so that businesses, individuals and government institutions can be tracked and evaluated for trustworthiness.[1][2] The national regulatory method is based on varying degrees of whitelisting (termed redlisting in China) and blacklisting.[1][2][3]
The origin of the concept can be traced back to the 1980s when the Chinese government attempted to develop a personal banking and financial credit rating system, especially for rural individuals and small businesses who lacked documented records.[4] The program first emerged in the early 2000s, inspired by the credit scoring systems in other countries.[2] The program initiated regional trials in 2009, before launching a national pilot with eight credit scoring firms in 2014.[5][6]
There has been a widespread misconception that China operates a nationwide and unitary social credit "score" based on individuals' behavior, leading to punishments if the score is too low. Media reports in the West have sometimes exaggerated or inaccurately described this concept.[7][8][9] In 2019, the central government voiced dissatisfaction with pilot cities experimenting with social credit scores. It issued guidelines clarifying that citizens could not be punished for having low scores, and that punishments should only be limited to legally defined crimes and civil infractions. As a result, pilot cities either discontinued their point-based systems or restricted them to voluntary participation with no major consequences for having low scores.[7][10] According to a February 2022 report by the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS), a social credit "score" is a myth as there is "no score that dictates citizen's place in society".[7]
The Social Credit System is an extension to the existing legal and financial credit rating system in China.[11] Managed by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the People's Bank of China (PBOC) and the Supreme People's Court (SPC),[12] the system was intended to standardize the credit rating function and perform financial and social assessment for businesses, government institutions, individuals and non-government organizations.[13][14][10] The Chinese government's stated aim is to enhance trust in society with the system and regulate businesses in areas such as food safety, intellectual property, and financial fraud.[11][4][15] By 2023, most private social credit initiatives had been shut down by the PBOC.[16]: 12
- ^ a b c Zhao, Hailing; Liu, Tingting (28 November 2024). "China's social credit system and the family: Punishment and collective resistance". Economy and Society: 1–21. doi:10.1080/03085147.2024.2422187. ISSN 0308-5147.
- ^ a b c d Hou, Rui; Fu, Diana (January 2024). "Sorting citizens: Governing via China's social credit system". Governance. 37 (1): 59–78. doi:10.1111/gove.12751. ISSN 0952-1895.
- ^ Loefflad, Carmen; Chen, Mo; Grossklags, Jens (31 December 2024). "Reputational Discrimination and Fairness in China's Social Credit System". Digital Government: Research and Practice. 5 (4): 1–27. doi:10.1145/3703160. ISSN 2691-199X.
By the end of 2021, the blacklisting scheme had impacted the life of about 5.93 million citizens.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
mericswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Zhong, Yuhao (Summer 2019). "Rethinking the Social Credit System: A Long Road to Establishing Trust in Chinese Society" (PDF). Symposium on Applications of Contextual Integrity: 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019 – via Privaci.info.
- ^ Hornby, Lucy. "China changes tack on 'social credit' scheme plan". Financial Times. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Mericswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Yang-2022was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
merics_2103was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "China's Social Credit System: Speculation vs. Reality". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021.
- ^ "What is China's social credit system and why is it controversial?". South China Morning Post. 9 August 2020. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ 国务院关于印发社会信用体系建设规划纲要（2014—2020年）的通知. Central Government of China (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
- ^ Meissner, Mirjam (24 May 2017). "China's Social Credit System: A big-data enabled approach to market regulation with broad implications for doing business in China" (PDF). Mercator Institute for China Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ Botsman, Rachel (2017). Who Can You Trust? How Technology Brought Us Together – and Why It Could Drive Us Apart. London, UK: Portfolio Penguin. ISBN 978-0-241-29617-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Brussee-2023was invoked but never defined (see the help page).