Back ثمود Arabic ثمود ARY Səmud Azerbaijani Ҫамуд Bashkir সামুদ Bengali/Bangla Thamud Catalan Thamūd German Semud DIQ Zamudíes Spanish ثمود Persian
| Thamud ثَمُوْد | |
|---|---|
| Ancient Arab tribe | |
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Nisba | al-Thamūdi |
| Location | Hegra, northern Hejaz |
| Language | Thamudic, Old Arabic |
| Religion | Arabian polytheism |
The Thamud (Arabic: ثَمُود, romanized: Ṯamūd) were an ancient tribe or tribal confederation in pre-Islamic Arabia[1] that occupied the northwestern Arabian Peninsula. They are attested in contemporaneous Mesopotamian and Classical inscriptions, as well as Arabic ones from the eighth century BCE, all the way until the fifth century CE, when they served as Roman auxiliaries. They are also later remembered in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and Islamic-era sources, including the Quran. Prominently, they appear in the Ruwafa inscriptions discovered in a temple constructed circa 165–169 CE in honor of the local deity, ʾlhʾ.
Islamic sources state that the Thamud were an early Arab tribe that had gone extinct in ancient days.[2] Thamud appears twenty-six times in the Quran, where the tribe is presented as an example of an ancient polytheistic people destroyed by God for their rejection of God's prophet Salih.[3] In the Quran, Thamud is associated with a pattern of rebellion and destruction of past groups of people. This is done the most times with Ad, but others as well, like Lot and Noah. When Salih calls Thamud to serve one God, they demand a sign from him. He presents them with a miraculous she-camel. Thamud, unconvinced, injure the camel; for this, God destroys them, except Salih and his followers. This account is embellished with a more detailed background in the Islamic exegetical tradition. Some traditions locate the tribe in northwestern Arabia at Hegra, and in others they are identified as Nabataeans.[4] Islamic genealogy describes the Thamud as among the true Arab tribes, as opposed to the "Arabicized Arabs".[5]
It is possible that several, possibly unrelated groups, took on the name of Thamud; they probably spoke Old Arabic.[6][7] The Thamud are not specially connected to the Thamudic scripts, an aggregate term for understudied writing systems of Ancient Arabia.
Kingdom of Thamud مملكة ثمود | |
|---|---|
| 8th century BC–5th century AD | |
 | |
| Capital | Hegra |
| Common languages | Old Arabic |
| Religion | Arabian polytheism |
| Government | Monarchy |
| History | |
• Established | 8th century BC |
• Disestablished | 5th century AD |
| Today part of | Saudi Arabia |
- ^ Hoyland 2001, p. 68.
- ^ Retsö 2003, pp. 34–37.
- ^ Mackintosh-Smith 2019, p. 29.
- ^ Firestone 2006.
- ^ Mackintosh-Smith 2019, p. 30.
- ^ Macdonald 2015, p. 48.
- ^ Hoyland 2001, p. 69.